(English) ***ARTICLE *** “Can an athlete be banned from practicing sports due to inadvertent doping?” – Dott.ssa Axelle Tigani Sava
(By Dott.ssa Axelle Tigani Sava. Important note: The opinions expressed are presented by the Author as a personal opinion and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of IgiTo on the addressed matters. The information provided is general, has divulgative purpose and does not substitute the assistance of a professional. Information at info@igito.it)
CAS 2018/A/5866 Madyson Cox v. Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA)
The case involves the Appellant Madisyn Cox, a professional swimming athlete, represented by Paul J. Green, attorney – at – law with Global Sports Advocates LLC and the Respondent, the Fédération International de Natation (FINA), represented by Mr. Jean – Pierre Morand, attorney – at – law with Kellerhals Carrard.
On the 5th of February 2018 the Athlete provided out-of-competition urine and blood samples at her training location in Austin, Texas, and the sample collection was authorized by FINA, as the association established as responsible for ant-doping control.
The Athlete’s urine sample was sent to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) accredited laboratory located in Montreal, Canada. On the 2nd of March 2018 The Montreal INRS laboratory reported that the Athlete’s urine sample returned an adverse analytical finding (AAF) for the presence of Trimetazidine, listed under Class S.4 of the WADA Prohibited List. It is important to specify that Trimetazidine is banned at all time.
The Athlete was notified by FINA regarding the AAF. The Athlete then requested that her second sample be analyzed. This was done by the Montreal INRS laboratory again and the second sample analysis matched the first sample.
On the 14th of May 2018 FINA asserted in a Notice of Charge that the athlete had committed an anti-doping violation involving the presence of Trimetazidine. Because of this, the Athlete was provisionally suspended by FINA from that date.
The Athlete responded to the Notice of Charge that she admitted the anti-doping rule violation and requested a hearing before the FINA Doping Panel to determine the sanction.
A hearing took place on the 6th of July 2018 and a decision was issued by the FINA Doping Panel on the 10th of August 2018. The Athlete was sanctioned with a two year ineligibility period starting on the 3rd of March 2018.
The Panel argued that, based on the totality of the evidence, the Athlete did not act with intent in association with the AAF for Trimetazidine, but it was not persuaded otherwise that the athlete had demonstrated the source of the substance in her system. The Athlete had failed to prove how the Trimetazidine entered in her body, therefore she was not eligible for a sanction reduction below two years.
After having been notified of the Appealed decision, the Athlete decided to test the multivitamin tablets (Cooper Complete Elite Athlete multivitamin) she was taking prior to her blood test. The Trimetazidine was detected at approximately 4 nanograms per tablet.
On the 15th of August 2018, the Athlete filed a Statement of Appeal against the Respondent with the CAS in accordance to the Code of Sports-Related Arbitration, challenging the appealed decision. The athlete, in her statement of appeal, nominated an arbitrator.
On the 23rd of August 2018, the Parties informed the CAS Court Office that they had settled their dispute and they requested that the CAS appoint a Sole Arbitrator to enter a Consent Award confirming the terms of the Parties’ Settlement Agreement.
The question raised by the case examines the infliction of a ban from practicing sports even when the Athlete inadvertently ingested a contaminating substance. Indeed, the FINA Doping Panel was persuaded that the Athlete didn’t act with the intent in association with the SAF Trimetazidine and she did not dope. However, the Panel was not persuaded either that the Athlete had demonstrated effectively the source of the Trimetazadine and how it had entered her system.
Although during the Appeal there had been an elimination of many potential sources, the Panel was not convinced by the results of the process of deduction alone and deducted that the remaining cause for the AAF had been ingestion of a contaminated tap water.
The Doping Panel had concluded that the Athlete had failed to prove how the illegal substance had entered her body and that she was at “no fault or negligence”. Because of this, the Athlete was not eligible for a sanction reduction below two years.
As above mentioned, the Parties have settled their dispute with a Settlement Agreement signed on the 21st/22nd of August. Under Article R56 of the CAS Code, an arbitration tribunal has the authority to issue an award embodying the terms of the parties’s settlement if the parties agree on a termination of their dispute in this manner. The Sole Arbitrator ratified the Settlement Agreement and incorporated it into a consent award.
In the Settlement Agreement, the Parties stated that the Athlete was declared ineligible for a period of two years by the FINA Doping Panel and that, due to the following identification of the contaminated multivitamin pills, the Respondent had agreed to a reduction of the Athlete’s sanction from two years to six months, beginning on the 3rd of March 2018 and ending on the 2nd September 2018, under the Article 10.5.1.2 of the FINA Anti – Doping Control Rules.
The sanction, as specified in the Settlement Agreement, was reduced depending on the degree of fault of the Athlete. Considering the facts and all the circumstances of this case, the Respondent declared that the Athlete’s degree of fault appeared light, since the Trimetazadine had entered inadvertently into her system.
(Italiano) ***ARTICOLO*** “Prospettive future dopo il caso Huawei-Google”, Dott.ssa Axelle Tigani Sava
(A cura della Dott.ssa Axelle Tigani Sava. N.B.: Quanto espresso è personale responsabilità dall’Autore e non riflette necessariamente la posizione di IgiTo sul tema esposto. Le informazioni presentate hanno carattere generale e divulgativo e non sostituiscono in alcun modo l’assistenza di un professionista. Per informazioni: info@igito.it)
Come divulgato da molte testate giornalistiche, gli smartphone Huawei perderanno la licenza Android a seguito del nuovo ordine esecutivo che vieta alle aziende americane di avere relazioni commerciali con alcune aziende considerate pericolose per la sicurezza nazionale statunitense. L’accusa da parte della amministrazione Trump, come già successo per la realizzazione delle reti di nuova generazione 5G, è che l’azienda cinese ponga in essere una attività di spionaggio per conto del governo cinese. Il Dipartimento del Commercio Usa ha annunciato lunedì che rinvierà di 90 giorni l’inizio del divieto, per dare tempo al colosso cinese e ai suoi partner statunitensi di adattarsi all’ultima stretta di Washington. Huawei ha già intavolato le trattative con Google per trovare una soluzione ad un problema che coinvolge milioni di utenti.
Ciò che diventa rilevante proprio per questi ultimi é comprendere cosa succederà per i proprietari di uno smartphone Huawei. Secondo una nota rilasciata dalla stessa Google “stiamo esaminando le implicazioni dell’ordine esecutivo e vi assicuriamo che mentre rispettiamo tutti i requisiti del governo degli Stati Uniti, servizi come Google Play e la sicurezza di Google Play Protect continueranno a funzionare sul vostro dispositivo Huawei esistente”. Nello specifico, Google Play Protect è una protezione anti-malware che protegge il dispositivo e verifica in tempo reale anche le app installate sul dispositivo. La nota di Google è dunque rassicurante per quanto riguarda la situazione di fatto esistente, ma nulla rivela in merito agli aggiornamenti.
Tuttavia, proprio in merito agli aggiornamenti, la stessa Huawei ha rilasciato una nota ad hoc: “Huawei continuerà a fornire aggiornamenti di sicurezza e servizi post-vendita a tutti i prodotti Huawei e Honor esistenti, ovvero smartphone e tablet già venduti o già in vendita a livello globale. Continueremo a costruire un ecosistema software sicuro e sostenibile, al fine di fornire la migliore esperienza per tutti gli utenti a livello globale”. A seguito della lettura di tale comunicato, sembrerebbe che sia la stessa casa produttrice Huawei a voler eseguire gli aggiornamenti della sicurezza sui propri dispositivi, ma ciò che non risulta ancora chiaro é la sussistenza o meno degli aggiornamenti futuri per le app di Google installate su questi smartphone.
In conclusione, preme però avvertire gli utenti della presenza di un precedente che riguarda l’azienda Zte, anch’esso colosso cinese delle TCL, attivo sia nel business delle reti sia in quello degli smartphone. Zte nel 2018 era stata inserita all’interno della lista nera delle aziende che non possono avere relazioni commerciali con aziende americane a causa della violazione dell’embargo con l’Iran e la Corea del Nord. Tuttavia, a luglio 2018 il bando è stato ritirato dall’amministrazione statunitense e Zte è tornata a intrattenere relazioni commerciali con le aziende americane, dopo aver firmato un accordo e dopo aver accettato di agire all’interno della cornice legale e amministrativa dettata dal Governo statunitense. É, infine, opportuno segnalare che durante quei tre mesi di interruzioni delle relazioni con le aziende americane, numerose erano state le segnalazioni in merito a problemi con gli aggiornamenti delle app, mentre i dispositivi della Zte avevano funzionato normalmente.